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Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic-depressive disorder, is a mental health condition characterized by extreme shifts in mood, energy levels, and activity levels.
People with bipolar disorder experience episodes of both mania (or hypomania) and depression.
These episodes can last for days, weeks, or even months.
There are three main types of bipolar disorder:
Bipolar I Disorder:
This is characterized by manic episodes that last for at least seven days or are severe enough to require immediate medical attention.
Depressive episodes may also occur and typically last for two weeks or more.
Bipolar II Disorder:
This type involves a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, which are less severe than full-blown manic episodes.
Cyclothymic Disorder:
This is a milder form of bipolar disorder that involves periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depression.
However, the symptoms are less severe and don't meet the full criteria for a depressive or manic episode.
Courses of bipolar disorder
The exact cause of bipolar disorder is not known, but it is likely to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors.
Bipolar disorder can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, or background, and often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Common symptoms of bipolar disorder include:
Manic Episodes:
- Elevated mood or extreme irritability.
- Increased energy and restlessness.
- Racing thoughts and rapid speech
- Decreased need for sleep.
- Grandiose beliefs or inflated self-esteem.
- Impulsive behavior, such as excessive spending or risky sexual behavior.
Depressive Episodes:
- Persistent sadness or hopelessness.
- Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed.
- Fatigue or lack of energy..
- Changes in appetite and weight
- Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or excessive sleep.
- Feelings of guilt or worthlessness.
- Difficulty concentrating or making decisions.
- Thoughts of death or suicide.
Treatment
Bipolar disorder is typically treated with a combination of medication and psychotherapy.
Mood stabilizers, such as lithium or certain anticonvulsant medications, are often prescribed to manage mood swings.
Antidepressant medications may also be used, but they are usually combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent triggering manic episodes.
Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or interpersonal therapy (IPT), can help individuals manage their symptoms, develop coping strategies, and improve their overall functioning.
If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of bipolar disorder, it is important to seek professional help from a mental health provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
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